A reprint from the Southeast Asian Affairs, 1978 (Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies). The article describes the Moro communities before the Spanish regime. It also gives the total population of the Moros and the socio-political and administrative set-up of the Moro communities before the Spanish era. The post independence developments and the situation in Mindanao before the Martial Law are also discussed. It also describes the Moro National Liberation Front and its military arm, the Bangsa Moro Army. The eight political considerations of the Moro problem are also stated.